Excuses, Excuses

Excuses, Excuses Even though some excuses for turning in work late as seen in â€Å"The Dog Ate My Disk, and Other Tales of Woe† by Carolyn Foster Segal, some excuses given are legitimate for turning in late work. Some unforeseeable events, such as traffic accidents, death in the family, weather that causes an evacuation, and a fire are just a few are all events that students can not control, which result in turning in late work. It is Monday morning, students are on their way to the first class period of the day, their paper is due first thing as they walk in the door.Tragedy strikes on their way to school as a mo-torists runs a red light, t-boning the students car and causing a major accident. However the stu-dent could have emailed the assignment to the professor, this professor only accepts copies in pe-rson. The student did not predict the accident he/she would be involved in this morning, or maybe he/she would have left a little later, or a little earlier, or even taken a different route to school that day. Family members getting into an accident could go either way, depending on who the family member is and where they are located.If a distant cousin from four hundred miles away gets into a fender bender, teachers will probably be very skeptical to accept late work. However a mother, father, or immediate family member, gets into an automobile accident could be an acceptable excuse for turning in late work. A death in the family is a very tragic occurrence and could have many different effects on the student and their work they are planning to turn in. Segal states â€Å" What heartless student would lie, wish death on a revered family member, just to avoid a deadline? (461) Hopefully no student would use a death in the family to avoid a deadline. Death is not to be taken lightly, nor used in a demeaning manner. Segal also says, â€Å"What heartless teacher would dare to question a student's grief or veracity? †(461). Hopefully no teacher or professor would call their students out or question that their was a death in their family. Letting the professor know exactly what is going on and when the student will turn in their paper is a proper course of action, to avoid receiving an F for the assignment or incomplete in the class.Nothing is more frightening than having to pack bags and evacuate due to serious and catastrophic weather. Students and teachers, not knowing what to expect when the storm passes, or what damage could come of their campus or surrounding areas. When a storm is a brewing miles away and expecting to hit in the next week, students are not worried about an assignment, they are focused on packing the must haves when evacuating and arriving somewhere out of harms way. Most teachers probably allow students to turn their work in after the storm has passed and once the school opens back up to regular hours.Weather is a unstable force, the storm could hit further away or not be as strong as anticipated, but students do not focus on their school work at this time. Giving them a legitimate excuse for not turning their work in on time, because they were forced to evacuate due to storms and unforeseeable damages that may occur. Fires destroy many homes and buildings each year, leaving the occupants without a roof over their head. In the event of a fire, people are taught not to try and save anything from their houses, dorms, and apartments.Their main goal is to get to safety, and let the fire department do their job at extinguishing the fire. A student that is the victim of a fire, should be allowed to turn their work in late, especially if they have lost most if not all of their things in the fire. Sunday night, the student is putting the finishing touches on their paper due Monday morning, and their computer crashes, not allowing them to save any material to a disc, or thumb drive can be very upsetting. The student arrives in class and tells their professor that the reason they are not t urning their paper in was because their computer crashed the night before.This could happen, and not allow the student adequate time to go to their nearest computer lab or library on campus and redo their paper. This common occurrence with computers and technology could give the students an extension to resubmit their assignment at a later day. This would be at the profess-ors discretion of course, or the professor could ask for proof that the action that did happen, truly did happen. This returns to the question from the death in a family section, just in different words: Would a teacher actually question, why a student is turning their work in late or not.Excuses are thrown around colleges and schools like jokes at a comedy club. Some excuses are just absurd and just a reason for students to get out of doing their assignments; others are legitimate reasons as to why they are not turning their assignment in. The bad excuses make the legitimate excuses seem untrue and just another e xcuse, that students will use to get out of an assignment. Work Cited Segal, Carolyn Foster. â€Å"The Dog Ate My Disk, and Other Tales of Woe† Patterns for College Writing. 12th ed. Ed. Laurie G Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. Boston: Bedford, 2012 460-463. Print.

Aisha Bint Abu Bakr

Aisha Bint Abu Bakr has a major and significant role in adjusting the Muslim Ummah. It was she who was named the mother of the believers, it was she who transmitted 2210 ahadeeth that we find in books of Prophetic narrations that we read today and it was she who memorised the amazing and glorious book of Allah (s. w. t) the Quran, but who is this decent women? Aisha Bint Abu Bakr was one of the wives of The Prophet Muhammad (s. a. w). She has contributed a lot for the sake of Islam as many hadiths have been narrated from her. Aisha (R. A) was born in 614 CE in the well-known city of Mecca after both her parents had embraced Islam.This was an advantage for Aisha (R. A) as she was free from any polytheism since she was born. However her death took place in Medina when she was at the age of 65 in 678 CE during the blessed month of Ramadan. Aisha was born to Umm Ruman and Abu Bakr As-Sadiq who was the closest companion to our beloved Prophet Muhammad (s. a. w) and had the significant rol e of being the first khalifa of Islam. Most scholars say that Aisha (r. a) was only 9 when The Prophet (s. a. w) asked for her hand in marriage and he was at the age of 43; however she only went to live with the prophet when she reached maturity at the age of 12.Aisha had a very amazing and astonishing personality that surprised Other women Aisha everyone. Aisha (r. a) had significant intelligence and was very knowledgeable. Aisha (RA) was a very brave person that wasn’t frightened of talking back to people in order to find out the truth. When she would beat someone in an argument, The Prophet (s. a. w) would display a smile upon his face and would comment ‘she is the daughter of Abu Bakr (R. A). It was once said that Aisha was so wise that if her knowledge was placed on one side of the scales and all of the other women on the other, Aisha’s side would outweigh the other.Aisha bint Abu Bakr (R. A) is undoubtedly one of the greatest teachers produced by Islam. She had an important role in education and social reform as many Muslim boys and girls were trained with her assistance. Therefore her house had become an Islamic Academy. As a successful teacher, she had a clear persuasive manner of speech. One of the early Muslims stated â€Å"I have heard speeches of Abu Bakr (R. A) and Umar (R. A), Uthman (R. A) and Ali (R. A) up to this day, but I have not heard speech more persuasive and more beautiful from the mouth of Aisha (R.A)†. Aisha (R. A) was married to our beloved Prophet Muhammad (s. a. w) for 9 years. During the period of time that they were married, many important events occurred that helped shape up the destiny of the first Muslim Community of Medina. It was during their progress of marriage that the qibla was changed from facing the direction of Jerusalem to the direction of the Kaa’bah. Not only did the qibla change, but drinking alcohol was completely forbidden and it also became essential for women to wear the hijab in public and during prayer.The guidance of how to fast was revealed, zakat had become compulsory on every Muslim and all rites of the hajj were purified and clarified during the course of her marriage to The Prophet (S. A. W). Most of Aisha’s life spent with The Prophet (S. A. W) was gaining knowledge from Allah’s two main sources of guidance; the Quran and the Sunnah of The Prophet Muhammad (s. a. w). Aisha was one of the four people who transmitted more than 2000 hadiths. Many of these hadiths would be about The Prophet (S. A. W)’s personal behaviour or hygiene that only a person as close as Aisha could have learned about. During Aisha’s marriage, The Prophet (s. . w) married many other women for several reasons from strengthening ties between important families or tribes to relieving the adversity of women who had been divorced or widowed. However the most important reason for these marriages was because Allah willed them as they were righteous women . When Aisha (R. A) lived with The Prophet Muhammad (s. a. w), a lasting and strong friendship was built between her and Sawda; who was also one of The Prophet (s. aw. )’s wives. Sawda took care of Aisha and the household. When Aisha grew up she was given the title of ‘Umm al –Mumineen’ meaning the ‘Mother of the Believers’.This title was given to all of The Prophet (s. a. w)’s wives as they were very respectable women. The Quran clearly states that it is forbidden for any man to marry any of the wives after The Prophet Muhammad (s. a. w) for: â€Å"The Prophet is closer to the believers than their ownselves, and his wives are as their mothers. † (Qur'an: 33:6) â€Å"O you wives of the Prophet, if any of you is openly indecent, the punishment for her will be doubled – and that is easy for Allah. And whoever of you submits to Allah and His Messenger has right action, We shall give her a reward twice over and We have prepar ed a generous provision for her.O you wives of the Prophet, you are not like any other women. If you are fearful of Allah then do not be soft in yspeech, lest someone whose heart is sick is attracted to you, but speak words that are wise. And stay quietly in your houses, do not make a dazzling display like that of the time of ignorance before and establish prayer and pay the Zakat and obey Allah and His Messenger. Surely Allah wishes to remove impurity far from you, O People of the House, and to purify you completely. And remember that ayahs of Allah that are recited in your houses and the wisdom.Surely Allah is Alpervading, All Aware. † (Quran 33:30-34). In conclusion, Aisha (r. a)’s life is a significant example of how women should live. Before Islam, women had a very low status. However when islam was revealed, women were given an important and high position. We should learn from Aisha to be knowledgeable and modest Muslims. She had an important role in islam as she transmitted more than 2000 hadiths that we read today, and she taught many people about islam that is passed down from generation to generation. References: #http://www. isemuslimwomen. org/muslimwomen/bio/aisha_bint_abu_bakr/ #http://www. islamawareness. net/FAQ/aisha_new. html #www. smashwords. com/books/download/30155/†¦ /aisha-ra. rtf #http://harunyahya. com/en/works/114361/Our_mother_Hazrat_Aishas_(ra)_knowledge_ #http://southernmuslimah. wordpress. com/2007/09/06/great-women-in-islam-aisha-bint-abu-bakr/ #http://www. islamawareness. net/Muhammed/ibn_kathir_wives. html #http://magicalprincessdiaries. blogspot. com. au/2009/02/aisha-ra. html #http://almoltaqa. ps/english/showthread. php? t=4177

King Edward Viii

King Edward VIII was born on the 23 June 1894 – 28 May 1972. Edward Reigned as King of the United Kingdom, Ireland and the other British Dominions, and as Emperor of India from 20 January 1936 until his abdication on 11 December 1936 . He was the last monarch to serve his entire reign as Emperor of India. His official title during his reign was Edward the Eighth, by the Grace of God, of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India.Later, as Duke of Windsor during World War II, he held the office of Governor and Commander-in-Chief of The Bahamas. No other British monarch has voluntarily relinquished the throne, though several have been â€Å"deemed to have abdicated† after fleeing, have suffered execution, or have given up part of their power.. Edward VIII was born at Richmond, the eldest son of Their Royal Highnesses The Duke and Duchess of York. The Duke of York, who later became King George V, was the second son of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales.The Duchess of York, formerly Her Serene Highness Princess Mary of Teck, was a great-granddaughter of King George III and a first cousin once removed of Queen Victoria. At the time of his birth, the child stood third in line to the British throne behind his father and grandfather. Edwards immediate family always knew him as David. His father ascended the throne on 6 May 1910. The new king created him Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester on 2 June 1910 and officially invested him as such in a special ceremony at Caernarfon Castle in 1911. For the first time since the middle Ages, this investiture took place in Wales. When World War I broke out, David had reached the minimum age for active service and expressed keenness to participate. Although the authorities allowed him to join the army, they kept him well away from any action that might have threatened his safety. After the war ended in 1918, his conduct began to give cause for concern to his ultra-conservative parents, particularly when he enjoyed relationships with a series of married women, including Americans Freda Dudley Ward and Wallis Simpson.Simpson had divorced her first husband in 1927 and subsequently married Ernest Simpson, an Anglo-American businessman. Mrs. Simpson and the Prince of Wales became lovers. Powerful figures deemed marriage to Mrs Simpson impossible for the king, even after she obtained her second divorce, because he had become de jure head of the Church of England, which prohibited remarriage after divorce. Edward rejected several alternative proposed solutions, including a morganatic marriage: he maintained adamantly that he wished to marry Mrs.Simpson, and he eventually abdicated his throne on December 11, 1936. State papers released in 2003 revealed that during the abdication crisis, as well as King Edward, Mrs. Simpson reportedly had two other lovers, one a car salesman, the other Edward FitzGerald, 7th Duke of Leinster, a close friend of the King. The abdication crisis caused a constitutional upheaval, and the throne passed to the Heir Presumptive, the King's next oldest brother, Prince Albert, Duke of York, who became King George VI of the United Kingdom.On March 8, 1937, George VI created his brother, the former king, Duke of Windsor (the title lapsed with the Duke's death). However, letters patent dated May 27, 1937, which reconferred upon the Duke of Windsor the â€Å"title, style, or attribute of Royal Highness,† specifically stated that â€Å"his wife and descendants, if any, shall not hold said title or attribute. † Edward was actually granted the title Duke of Windsor on December 12, 1936 the day after his abdication.The Duke mentions in his book, A King's Story, that it was the first act of George VI's reign, and it was proclaimed at the new King's Accession Privy Council that his brother would be known as â€Å"His Royal Highness the Duke of Windsor† and that he had recreated him a Knight of the Garter. However, the formal letters patent were not signed until March 8, 1937. The Duke of Windsor married Mrs. Simpson in a private ceremony on 3 June 1937 at Chateau de Cande, Monts, France. None of the British royal family attended.The denial of the style â€Å"HRH† to the Duchess of Windsor, as well as the financial settlement, strained relations between the Duke of Windsor and the rest of the royal family for decades. The Duke had assumed that he would settle in Britain after a year or two of exile in France. However, King George VI (with the support of his mother Queen Mary and his wife Queen Elizabeth) threatened to cut off his allowance if he returned to Britain without an invitation. In 1937, the Duke and Duchess visited Germany as personal guests of Adolf Hitler, a visit much publicized by the Nazi media.The couple then settled in France. When the Germans invaded the north of France in May 1940, the Windsors fled south, first to Biarritz, then in Jun e to Spain. In July the pair moved to Lisbon, Portugal, where they lived at first in the home of a banker with close German Embassy contacts. The British Foreign Office strenuously objected when the pair planned to sail around aimlessly on a yacht belonging to a Swedish magnate, Axel Wenner-Gren, whom American intelligence considered to be a close friend of Hermann Goering, Hitler's lieutenant.A â€Å"defeatist† interview with the Duke that received wide distribution may have served as the last straw for the British government: in August a British warship dispatched the pair to the Bahamas, where the Duke of Windsor became Governor, a post he held until after the end of World War II in 1945. Then the couple retired once again to France, where they spent much of the remainder of their lives. In recent years, some have suggested that the Duke and (especially) the Duchess sympathised with Fascism before and during World War II, and had to remain in the Bahamas to minimize their opportunities to act on those feelings.These revised assessments of his career hinge on some wartime information released in 1996, and on further secret files released by the U. K. government in 2003. The files had remained closed for decades, as Whitehall judged that they would cause the Queen Mother substantial distress if released during her lifetime. US naval intelligence documents a confidential report of a conference of German foreign officials in October 1941 that found the Duke â€Å"no enemy to Germany† and the only English representative with whom Hitler would negotiate any peace terms, â€Å"the logical director of England's destiny after the war†.President Roosevelt had ordered covert surveillance of the Duke and Duchess when they visited Palm Beach, Florida, in April 1941. The former Duke of Wurttemberg (then a monk in an American monastery) convinced the FBI that the Duchess had been sleeping with the German ambassador in London, Joachim von Ribbentrop, h ad remained in constant contact with him, and continued to leak secrets. In later years, the Duke of Windsor met with other members of the royal family on several occasions, but his wife never gained acceptance.He died in 1972 at Paris, and his body was returned to Britain for burial at Frogmore, near Windsor Castle. The Duchess of Windsor, on her death ten and a half years later, was buried alongside her husband in Frogmore. They had no children. Through the years of Edwards’s life his titles varied changing approximately ten times he was called everything from His Highness Prince Edward of York to His Majesty King Edward VIII And everything in-between.

The Analysis of Immediate Souths Secession from the Union Essay

The Analysis of Immediate Souths Secession from the Union - Essay Example The essay "The Analysis of the Immediate South’s Secession from the Union" talks about the rationality of the South actions during the years preceding the Civil War. One cannot ignore the fact that if the South did not declare succession, Lincoln would not have to declare war in the south. James McPherson, an expert in this subject and author of The Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era insists, â€Å"In July 1861, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a resolution, by a nearly unanimous vote, that affirmed that the North was not waging the war to overthrow slavery but to preserve the Union.†. Clearly, the focal point of the war was to keep the unity of nation for the sake of peace and security. By March, during Lincoln’s inauguration speech, states such as South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas had already declared to secede. From the South’s perspective, it is clear that that nation was interested in its own political and economic pursuits. Clearly, the soldiers understood that the North had little or no interest in South’s domestic affairs. Slavery was vital towards the success of South’s economy. The failure for the North to acknowledge the idea motivated the Southern soldiers to pursue their own version of the â€Å"American Dream.† The major political and economic interests between North and South continued to reflect the justification for separation for the Southern soldiers. Hence, Lincoln’s reaction to impose force to unite the nation escalated the tensions. between both sides. Hence, the advantages of the South declaring secession centered on their economy. Without constraining the burden of supporting the North with its financial burdens, the South enjoyed the dire success of enhancing and revitalizing its own economy. The justification for the secession revolv ed around the fact that the South had many grievances. Since the colonies also fought the revolutionary because they had a list of grievances, it only seemed fair that the South had the equal right to repeat history. The Republican tariffs that were imposed and the free homestead in the west were vital towards the southern states to rebel. The disadvantages of the South declaring secession was the fact that no country regarded the South as its own union. The South was economically strong, but ideologically weak. It clearly lacked the foundation of unity that it once enjoyed while being with the Union. In addition, it had a weak foundation of government and did not possess a strong leader as Lincoln himself. Without a leader to take in charge, the South had no channels to unite for a war. the South did not It had no power to engage any international relations or ask its neighboring allies to finance its war. Although one may think that the secession was a rapid move, the South did ac t in a rationale way. The south at this point was to break away and enjoy the bounties of being an independent nation. With its full economic and financial power, the South was even turning heads in the European front. The South at this point realized the scrutiny they were in and did not want to suffer any longer from North’

The Risk of Energy Drinks Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Risk of Energy Drinks - Essay Example According to the research findings, although energy drinks have advantages, they may also affect both physical and mental health of consumers. There is a range of positive effects of energy drinks which make the market of energy drinks grow as great numbers of people consume them and take them as a favorite drink. For instance, according to recent statistics, energy drinks take around 20 percent of the entire beverages store in the market. This shows that the growing popularity is mainly created by the fast positive effects an energy drinks can produce. The main constituents that energy drinks have per bottle are â€Å"carbohydrate, caffeine, guarana, sodium, ginseng, taurine† and other ingredients. The first benefit of energy drinks is that when drinking them a person can show improvements in paying attention, concentration and memory due to the nervous system stimulation. Clearly, energy drinks can improve and make people more active in their mental performance, which seems to be the most important advantage of energy drinks. The second benefit that makes energy drinks well for people is that they improve and increase physical performance. Research proves the relationship between the energy drinks use and the improvement of reaction time and delayed tiredness. Moreover, according to Johnson, Foster, and McDowell, there are five studies that examined effects of energy beverages, and they show improvements of upper and lower body muscles strengths as well as cycling strength. Therefore, energy drinks can be useful when a person trains hard or involves a long and concentrated mental work and needs a boost of energy, attention, and concentration. Due to the ability to decrease the time of recovery, energy drinks can allow one to be physically and mentally active for a longer period of time and with a better concentration.

The Indain And The Horse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Indain And The Horse - Essay Example The arrival of Europeans greatly impacted the native societies and cultures and brought about a sea change in their lifestyles. Along with slavery, cultural intolerance, fatal diseases and inhuman practices, the Europeans and Spaniards introduced the horse to these Native Americans. Mexico was the primary source of horses' for North America as were the populations of southeastern USA. Although the modern variety of horses had originally evolved in America three million years ago, they had been wiped out during the Ice Age along with many other species when there had been a drastic change in North American habitat. Hunting by paleo-Indians also contributed to their extinction. Colonial Spanish Horses (as they came to be called), were brought to America by Spanish Conquistadors and hold immense significance in the history of the New World and the cultural revolution that took place following European colonization. "The horse returned to North America when explorers Cortes and DeSoto came mounted on magnificent Barbs from Morocco, Sorraia from Portugal and Andalusians from Spain" (History 1492-1620 The Spanish Colonial Period).To start with, these horses were a source of strength for the Spaniards and facilitated conquer of many a native civilization (D. Phillip Sponenberg). The natives were not accustomed to such large animals and were initially terrified; moreover, the Spanish government policy forbade native Indians to own or use horses. Many natives had their first encounter with these animals as slaves and workers on Spanish ranchos where they eventually got acquainted and learnt how to train, use and control them (History 1620-1800 The Indian Horse Pe riod). Many North American Indians acquired and learnt horse riding and handling from Indians from the southwest through trade relations. In the late seventeenth century, the Pueblo Rebellion caused the Spanish to flee New Mexico and leaving many of their horses behind which turned out to be very advantageous for the Pueblo Indians (History 1620-1800 The Indian Horse Period). The Ute Indians the Comanche were inter-related and the later probably supplied the former with their horses. By the beginning of the eighteenth century, the Comanche had earned a notorious reputation among the Spanish in New Mexico because of their horse stealing raids on Spanish rancheros. The Comanche allowed the Spanish stay in Texas to help them raise horses (Eddins, Ned). "The Comanche became the epitome of the Plains Indian Horse Culture. There was a saying in Texas that "The white man will ride the Mustang until he is played out - the Mexican will take him and ride him another day until he thinks he is tired - the Comanche will get on him and ride him to where he is going" (Frank Dobie). Within a few decades after acquiring horses, many military leaders considered the Comanche as the finest light cavalry in the world" (Eddins, Ned). Comanche warriors mediated the horse trade between Indian tribes and French settlements east of the Mississippi in a major way. In this way, horse trade eventually spread out of the southwest towards north to the Shoshone and from them to the Nez Perce, Flatheads, and the Crow; north and east to the Kiowa and Pawnee and then to the cousins of the Pawnee, the Arikara (Eddins, Ned). Indians not only acquired horses from the Spanish, the warriors emulated the Spanish in terms of handling, riding, and use of equipment. From the Arikara, the

Task 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Task 2 - Essay Example number of customers as at January 2013 and subtracting the number of customers as at January 2012, in order to find the customer gain in the time period of 2012-2013 ( Anon, 2006) Churn Rate† This metric is given as a ratio between the number of customers a business losses over a specified period, over the number of customers that were there at the beginning of the start period. In short form, Gburn= Gt/Cat. Where; In relation to the Alnahdi group – Mize Company, the churn rate can be used appropriately in business marketing analytics in order to find a figure that can depict how the business is performing in regard its customer value over a given time. Retention Rate: This is defined as the ratio of the number of active customers at the end of the period to the number of clients at the start of the period time. In shortened form, it can be written as: Retention Rate = Ca/Cat   where, In relation to the Alnahdi group – Mize Company, the ratio would show how active the company’s customers have grown or reduced from the start of the period to its end. For instance, the ratio could be calculated by finding the number of active customers as at July 2013 and then dividing it by the number of active customers as at July 2012, in order to find the retention rate for the time period from July 2013- July 2014. As outlined above, this metric is used to find the number of customers that an organization gains within a certain period. There are various reasons that can make the number of customers for a given organization to either increase or decrease. These factors vary from customer experience, quality of products an organization offers, the additional benefits a particular group gives its customers and so forth. This metric can be analyzed in regard to the Alnahdi group – Mize Company in order to calculate the increment of the number of customers that can be associated with any of the above-mentioned factors (Carter, 2011). Taking an example, in the month

WHAT PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY HAS TO CONTRIBUTE TO OUR UNDERSTANDING OF Essay

WHAT PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY HAS TO CONTRIBUTE TO OUR UNDERSTANDING OF ADDICTION - Essay Example Most methods, however, still maintain that it is the personality trends, whether conscious or unconscious, that drive human behavior. Applying psychodynamics as a tool to analyze the nature of drug addiction can be accomplished with a comprehensive understanding of the theoretical perspectives from recognized leaders in the field. Addiction can be described as a complex process and set of behaviors with multiple determinants and multiple functions. Drug addiction is understood to be an adaptive pursuit for providing relief from painful feelings and to create the illusion of control (Bell et al). Recognizing this type of addiction as a means to mentally alter the perception of reality and as a mechanism to suppress negative emotions can be directly tied to Sigmund Freud, arguably the most influential figure in psychology, theorized that the basis of personality centered around three distinct characteristics in which he labeled the id, the ego, and the superego. Freuds analysis of the dimensions of personality development is that the unconscious (the id) is completely intact from birth and, essentially, acts as the center for subliminal instinct and desire. The ego, on the other hand, acts as a regulatory structure in personality that functions both consciously and unconsciously in order to logically assess the drives of the id. The ego, according to Freud, bridges the gap between id and superego to prevent a person from acting unrealistically to the demands of the external environment. The superego, therefore, is the personality component that weighs morality against decision-making. Each of the traits of these personality constructs theoretically work together to create a harmonious relationship between the unconscious and the conscious. According to Freud, an overactive id would dominate both the ego and superego resulting in behaviors based not on logic, but on satisfying the

A Capstone Experience(Factors and Trends that Influence Strategy Assignment

A Capstone Experience(Factors and Trends that Influence Strategy Development)1 - Assignment Example The businesses will save a lot of money in the long run. However, there will be reductions in employment, cuts on expenditure, and closure of establishments (Glynn, 2010). Investment strategies involve the business spending on innovation and market diversification. Though it is a risky strategy, many businesses have begun successfully using investment strategies. Businesses will allocate a large portion of their capital towards short-term survival and innovation. Businesses will then exploit all its resources (Glynn, 2010). Ambidextrous strategies are a combination of retrenchment and investment strategies. Businesses that adopt these strategies survive the recession period by cost and asset cutting. The businesses also invest a lot in product innovation and market development. Business managers have a task in choosing the right investment for the business and which cost to cut (Glynn, 2010). In the new post-recession consumer behavior, there are certain factors useful to achieve product differentiation. The factors include good business location to create convenience for the customers, and price differentiation so as to give the customers value for their money. Luxury goods are products which are not necessary; however, they make life more pleasant. Marketers of luxury goods should abandon their efforts to abandon premium pricing because their marketing focuses more on affluent mass markets. It would confuse market players because plenty of goods would not know whether to represent luxury or premium pricing (Silverstein, 2008). It is advantageous to create customer value and satisfaction. Companies should formulate their marketing strategies while sticking to the societal attitudes. For example, Wal-Mart delivers its promises always charging low prices on

Optimization methods in Linear programming Lab Report

Optimization methods in Linear programming - Lab Report Example SABIC, Saudi Basic Industries Corporation, is one among the mainstream manufactures of metals, plastics, chemicals, and fertilizers (SABIC, 2014). The manufacturing of metal and plastics indicates that the company is one among the busiest in the world as the consumption of metal and plastics is in the increase due to demand for building/construction materials, packaging, and insulation material (SABIC, para. 1-5). However, while the company also manufactures chemicals and fertilizers, it is expected that the management of all activities can be hectic. Nevertheless, the company has a variety of technical solutions that provide automated management of resources. However, where automated machinery is required, it is expected that supervision regarding functionality of the system is minimal and at times seasonally fluctuating. Thus, one among the major problems that the company is currently facing include the management of resources to yield the best results. Regarding this problem, the company is not doing anything wrong to limit its capacity capabilities; on the contrary, the company appreciates the need to optimize the current system such that it can lead to minimized costs of production and holding inventory. The overall performance of the company is determined by how well configured an automated systems in making optimal use of the allocated resources. In the production of the products identified above, SABIC is faced with two levels of problems that require linear programming to solve; such that the output of the company meets the fluctuating demand. Firstly, the company produces different types of products whose demand varies seasonally – the company in this case is unable to accurately predict how much demand it would be facing in the coming financial period. Secondly, provided that demand fluctuates with reference to the type of products such as fertilizers which are

Macro Systems Paper Essay Example for Free

Macro Systems Paper Essay There are three types of service practices in the Social Work industry: Micro, Mezzo, and Macro. Social Work can be a very rewarding field to be involved in however, at the same time it can by very complex as well. Social workers will deal with many different issues and are around a lot of domestic and societal challenges. Some find out that they have a hard time dealing with the challenges and have to change the focus in their field. Social Work can be very empowering and rewarding when a worker helps a client find empowerment in their own life and the worker helps them get back on their feet. At the mezzo social work level the social worker usually works with families or small groups. Social workers on the micro level work with clients on an individual basis or one on one. This could be a Case Manager in a foster care facility. They will tend to the needs of the client or individual and assist them wherever they can. On the macro Social Work level the worker will be working with larger groups and larger organizations. A macro practice would be working to make new laws or change the current laws that slow the growth of the client population. If you decide to work in social services or are currently working in social services you will find yourself working the macro, micro and mezzo social work level. Social Work is great work. Many people choose this industry because they want to help people. They can see others pain and want to help relieve it. The social worker salary can very and unfortunately starts out lower on the typical American pay scale. The median expected salary for a social worker that has a 4-year degree in the field is around $46,500. If you continue your education and get a Masters in social work then the median becomes closer to $54,700.

A post-secondary institution Essay Example for Free

A post-secondary institution Essay If I was not able to make it in any of my post-secondary institution this year, It will disappointment for me. Every endeavor that a man wishes in life comes at the right time and with a great purpose. Failing to make it to any of my desired field will pave way for me to pursue other fields non academically. Doing things that I have knowledge or have never thought about but have interest in. I might discover something in the field outside of post-secondary institution that will help me grow as an individual. I believe that my disappointment will only be short-lived, because I will shift my attention to doing more relevant things like community services. In order to learn, continuously there is a need for socialization and active participation in doing services. This will benefit not only the community but the individuals growth as well. Making a difference out of this fast changing world is by simply being me. Dedicating myself to community service without anything in return is my way of making a difference. Doing activities through service in the community allows me to grow as an individual and help other people as well.

Biomedical Waste Management in Hospitals

Biomedical Waste Management in Hospitals CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE Biomedical waste: Biomedical Waste Management and Handling Rules, India (1998) defines the biomedical waste as â€Å"Any waste which is produced by identification of problem, immunization of human beings or animals or treatment or in research activities pertaining or in the production or testing of biological11. According to WHO around 85% of the biomedical waste generated in the hospital were non-infectious/ non-hazardous waste similar to domestic waste. Only 15% of the waste were infectious or hazardous waste which were a risk for environment and health (10%- infectious and 5%- radioactive or chemical waste). The hospital waste was classified as sharp waste, infectious waste, pathological waste, pharmacological or cytotoxic waste, chemical waste, radioactive waste, non-hazardous general waste. Management of Safe waste from health care activities reported the biomedical waste were hazardous in nature as it contain one or more following property: 1) Infectious 2) Contain cytotoxic chemical composition 3) presence of toxic or hazardous chemicals 4) Radioactivity 5) Contain used sharped materials. Everyone coming close to hospital waste were at risk. The main group of individuals at risk was doctors, staff nurses, para medical and supportive staffs, patients, and their attenders. If hospital waste were disposed of improperly, it also risks for general public12. Rational for Biomedical Waste Management in Hospital: Biomedical waste management is a part of hospital hygiene and maintenance activities. Only 15% of the waste generated in the hospital were infectious. If improper segregation of waste at source leads to 100% of biomedical waste to be infectious. Even though biomedical waste management require lot of resources like manpower, money, material and machinery support, it is important for the following reasons13: Sharps waste like needles, hypodermic needles, scalpels and other blades, knives, infusion sets can cause cut injuries or puncture wounds. If these items were infected, it can infect all health care provider in hospital and waste handlers. Infection control practices and poor waste management can lead to the spread of hospital acquired infection among patients. Improper treatment and disposal of biomedical waste can be a potential risk to the general public especially to scavengers. Genotoxic and cytotoxic waste in hospital waste is hazardous and have mutagenic, teratogenic, carcinogenic properties. Improper disposal of genotoxic waste raises serious safety problems, both inside hospitals and after disposal, and should be given special attention. The Risk associated with chemical hazardous, at all levels the drugs to persons can handle wastes. Radioactive wastes were produced as a result of procedures such as analysis of body tissue and fluid, organ imaging and tumor localization and various investigative and therapeutic practices. These radioactive waste were a hazard to health and surrounding environment. There is a risk of air, water and soil pollution can occur directly due to improper disposal of waste or due to defective incineration emissions and ash. Biomedical waste management in India: In 1998, the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, introduced the Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules which mandate to notify for the management and handling of bio-medical waste in the hospital. This rule was amended in 2003 and 2011. Even though strong legislation in India most of the hospitals were yet to achieve the recommended standards for biomedical waste management practices. An evaluation study was carried out by INCLEN (International Clinical Epidemiology Network) Program Evaluation Network (IPEN) in 2009. The study was carried out in Model Injection Centers (MICs) at 25 Partner Medical Colleges (PMC) in India. The study result showed that the biomedical waste management was poor in 82 % of primary care health centers, 60 % secondary care centers and 54 % tertiary care health centers. This showed that there was need for urgent interventions for improving systems capacity and resource in both public and private sectors14. Knowledge regarding Biomedical Waste Management Chudasama et al. (2013) conducted an observational hospital based cross sectional study on knowledge, attitude and practice of bio medical waste handling and its management in a tertiary hospital in Rajkot city, India. The study included all health care provider like resident doctors, intern doctors, nursing staff, laboratory technicians, ward boys, and sweeper’s worker. Among the total study participants282, 92(32.6%) where are staff nurse. The result shows that 95% of participants know about BMW, and 44% of the participant had BMW training. Around 87% of participant known the biomedical waste symbol, 85% of participant know about color codes and 89% of the participant are aware that biomedical waste can transfer disease like HIV and Hepatitis15. Vanesh Mathur et al. (2011) conducted an observational hospital based cross-sectional study on KAP (Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices) about BMW (Biomedical Waste Management) among Healthcare Personnel, 100 bedded hospital Allahabad city India. The study included all doctors, nurses, and laboratory technicians have better knowledge than sanitary staff regarding biomedical waste management among the total study participants 283,60(21%) where are staff nurse. The result shows that color-coding waste containers 56 (93.3), 55(91.6) of the participant are aware that biomedical waste can transfer disease like HIV and Hepatitis16. Rekha Sachan et al. (2012), conducted a cross-sectional study on KAP regarding BMW among the Paramedical Staff and Medical in Tertiary hopital in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of CSM Medical University, Luck now, India. The Sample was 10 doctors and 20 nurses. Group A- Nursing female staff (20 nurses), Group B Doctors (10 Junior Doctors, 8 from Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 2 from Paediatrics) two groups were made. 30% of the doctors and 20% nursing staff have more than 70% knowledge about BMW. 100% doctors and 60% nurses have a definitive attitude towards biomedical waste management17. Sarika P Patil et al.(2011), conducted the cross-sectional study was conducted during1st August 2011 to 30th September 2011. Healthcare Workers Awareness regarding Biomedical Waste Management (BMW) at Tertiary Hospital Government in Dhule (India). The sample was 302 health care workers in which 156 are nurses; 45 are technicians and 101 are sanitation workers. The Sanitation workers include 18 attendants laboratory and 83 sweepers performing job of transportation and waste collection Undergone Training of BMW management 49 (60.5%) nurses were training about biomedical waste management, Knowledge regarding the Number of correct Colour Bags to be provided for BMW collection68 (84%), Out of 153 participants, 41.8% (64) and 81.7%(125) were immunized for tetanus and hepatitis B. It was derived that no vaccination of Hepatitis B among 49.4% (40) nurses and 45.7% (16) laboratory technicians during 89.2 %( 33) sanitary workers.18 Sanjay Kini B et al. (2014) conducted a observational hospital based cross sectional study on knowledge, attitude and practice of bio medical waste management among staff of a tertiary healthcare Centre in coastal Karnataka Kasturba Medical College, Udupi district of coastal ,India. The study included all health care provider among consultants, junior residents, staff nurses, laboratory technicians and house-keeping staff in Kasturba Hospital in manipal, Among the total study participants 337, 189(56%),where are staff nurses, the result shows that nurses (62.4%) of participants know about BMW and 44% of participant had BMW training, and 46 (24.3%) Knowledge among the participants about biomedical waste management among the total staff 71 (37.6%) shows that less knowledge about biomedical waste management19. S.B. Salve, et al. (2012) conducted an observational hospital based cross sectional study on knowledge, attitude and practice of biomedical waste handling and its management in tertiary hospital Mahatma Gandhi Mission’s Medical College and Hospital, Aurangabad [MS] India. Resident Doctors, Nursing Staff and class Employees were selected by the Stratified random sampling method. Among the total study participants110, 47 (42.7%) where are staff nurse. The result shows that 31 (66%) were having average score and 8 (17%) were having poor score, good knowledge 8 (17%), the result shows that 89.3% of participants had BMW training, remaining 10.7% participants untrained about the biomedical waste management20. Bathma Vishal et al. (2013) conducted an observational knowledge assessment of hospital staff regarding biomedical waste management in a tertiary care hospital. Bhanpur road, Bhopal, India. The study included all health all health care personals, doctors, nurses, and Lab technicians and 7 waste handlers/supporting staff. Among total participants110, 44(40%) where the nursing staff. The result shows that about the knowledge of Categories of waste in nurses 59.0%, and identify the bio hazard symbol 81.8% knows the symbol, Waste segregation in colour containers 70.5%nurses have knowledge, how to disposal method 75.0% have knowledge about the biomedical waste management, which type of disease spread in improper hospital waste management knows about 84.0%, Correct method of treatment disposal knows about 77.3% of HIV and Hepatitis21. Savan Sara Mathew et al. (2011) conducted an observational hospital based cross sectional study on Assessment of BMW practices in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Ludhiana city, India. The study included all health care provider like resident doctor’s nurses and paramedical staff, among the total study participants 100, 48(48%) were staff nurses. The results show that better knowledge of the nurses more in practical aspects of BMW management. categories of BMW was 97.4% , 92.1% was color coding system, 94.7% knew the methods of segregation, 92.1% knew that waste should not be stored for more than 48 hours, and 100% of aware about the methods of waste disposal. Nurses were equal to or better than the doctors in the aspects of practice. Their knowledge was less in theoretical aspects. 73.7% were aware of BMW Management Rules 1998; 86.8% were identified the biohazard symbol while 92.1% knew the diseases spread by improper waste management22. Md. Asadullah, et al. (2013) conducted A descriptive cross-sectional study on knowledge, attitude and practices among nursing staff in private hospitals in Udupi City. India. The study included randomly 17 hospitals (as clusters) and 4 hospitals. A pre-structured questionnaire was used. Data were collected from 166 nursing staff, HIV may transmit through BMW 130(78.3), and Hepatitis-B may transmit through BMW 137(82.5), was answered Hepatitis-C may transmit through BMW 119(71.7), Training on biomedical waste management 122(73.5%) and vaccinated about hepatitis-B 153(92.2%) was immunized23 Biomedical waste management Practice: Chudasama et al.(2013) conducted an observational hospital based cross sectional study on knowledge, attitude and practice of bio medical waste handling and its management in a tertiary hospital in Rajkot city, India. The study included all health care provider like resident doctors, intern doctors, nursing staff, laboratory technicians, ward boys, and sweeper’s worker. Among the total study participants282, 92(32.6%) where are staff nurse. Study result shows 74.5% of participants reported that there is good maintenance of BMW records in wards and 87% reported having hub cutter in wards. Around 84% of participants are using personal protective measures like a mask, gloves, etc. while handling BMW. The correct practice of handling disposal plastic waste, soiled dressings/plaster casts/linen waste, sharps and needles waste and human anatomical waste are 80%, 66.8%, 63% and 63.1% respectively. Vanesh Mathur et al. (2011) conducted an observational hospital based cross-sectional study on Knowledge, Practices, and Attitude about Biomedical Management Waste among Healthcare Personnel, 100 bedded hospital Allahabad city India. The study included all doctors, nurses, and laboratory technicians have better knowledge than sanitary staff regarding biomedical waste management among the total study participants 283, 60(21%) where are staff nurse Study result show 44(73.3%) were correct color coding containers are used, The correct practice of handling disposal plastic waste, soiled dressings/plaster casts/linen waste, sharps and needles waste and human anatomical waste are 42(71.0), The report of injury’s 18(30%), about the biomedical waste management Rekha Sachan et al (2012) conducted cross-sectional study on knowledge, attitude and practices regarding BMW amongst the Paramedical Staff and Medical in Tertiary Health Care Centre in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of CSM Medical University, Luck now, India. 70% and 65% of the doctors and nurses were practicing higher than 70% of the right practices as according to the university norms. The comparison of Knowledge, with practice and Attitude of groups, shows that the people with high education qualification have better knowledge. This result can attributed to their commitment and accountability in patient and ward management. Sarika P Patil et al.(2011), conducted the cross-sectional study was conducted during 1st August 2011 to 30th September 2011. Awareness of Healthcare Workers regarding BMW at government tertiary care Hospital in Dhule India. The study included of total 302 health care workers in which 156 are nurses, 45are technicians and 101 are sanitation workers. The result shows that Color coding correct disposal in block cover general waste 37 (45.7%),disposal of boy fluids 30 (37%),sharp and other type of container 65 (80.2%),72 (88.9%) of participants are using personal protective measures like mask, gloves, etc. while handling BMW. The correct practice of handling disposal plastic waste, soiled dressings/plaster casts/linen waste, Sanjay Kini B et al (2014) conducted a observational hospital based cross sectional study on knowledge, attitude and practice of bio medical waste management among staff of a tertiary healthcare centre in coastal Karnataka Kasturba Medical College, Udupi district of coastal ,India. The study included all health care provider among consultants, junior residents, staff nurses, laboratory technicians and housekeeping staff in Kasturba Hospital in Manipal, Among the total study participants 337, 189 (56%), where are staff nurses, Study result show 45 (23.8) % of participants reported that there is good maintenance of biomedical waste management, all nurses are immunized against hepatitis B, disinfecting sharps at the point of generation and undergone any formal training biomedical waste management, Less practice of 44 (23.3%) S.B. Salve, et al. (2012) conducted an observational hospital based cross sectional study on knowledge, attitude and practice of biomedical waste handling and its management in tertiary hospital Mahatma Gandhi Mission’s Medical College and Hospital, Aurangabad [MS] India. Resident Doctors, Nursing Staff and class Employees were selected by the Stratified random sampling method. Among the total study participants110, 47(42.7%) where are staff nurse. Practice about biomedical waste management among staff nurses 87.2% was good practice .comparative assessment of practice among trained and untrained individuals was made, which revealed 41 (59.42%) of trained individuals had â€Å"Good† practices as compared to 6 (19.5%) untrained individuals. Bathma Vishal et al. (2013) conducted an observational knowledge assessment of hospital staff regarding biomedical waste management in a tertiary care hospital. Bhanpur road, Bhopal, India. The study included all health all health care personals, doctors, nurses, and Lab technicians and 7 waste handlers/supporting staff. Among total participants110, 44(40%) where the nursing staff. All nurses are according biomedical waste management rules are followed by 54.5%.

Genre Mixing in the Film South Park: Bigger, Longer, & Uncut :: essays research papers

Movies are often categorized by genres, which simply means kind or type. But most movies don’t fit into one single genre alone. Nowadays, it is common to see movies that are considered ‘horror’ and ‘science fiction’ like Signs or ‘romantic comedy’ and ‘fantasy’ like Groundhog Day (Film Art: An Introduction 109). The same is true for the movie South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut (South Park). South Park is a mixture of three different film genres. First of all, it is an animated film, filmed entirely of 2-dimensional cartoons. Second, it is a musical, incorporating song and dance into the story. And third, it is a comedy full of politically incorrect jokes and crude humor. These genres come together and mix flawlessly. Although animation is typically associated with kids’ movies, that is not the case with South Park. The 2-dimensional drawn animation in this movie is not to entertain kids, but more so to portray the opinions and thoughts of the writers (e.g.: the beady eyes and flopping heads of the Canadians). It also provides a convenient way of showing things that aren’t usually visible, like Hell, for example (Film Art: An Introduction 163). South Park, like other Hollywood musicals, celebrates typical American ideals like rewarding ambition and the romance in the film ending happily (Film Art: An Introduction 124). The musical component of the movie also increases the humor by making it even more out of control. With songs like â€Å"Blame Canada†, â€Å"Kyle’s Mom’s a Bitch† and â€Å"What Would Brian Boitano Do?†, each having its own dance number, the film removes all seriousness and makes the film a hoot. The comedy is non-stop in this movie. From politically incorrect jokes like making Satan and Saddam Hussein a gay couple to gross-out humor like a giant clitoris that talks to Stan, the movie is full of laughs from start to finish. There is no limit to where this film will go. It touched on abortion, war, racism, technology, faulty parenting and other social issues, but it did so in a crude way, leaving the audience feeling a sense of amusement.

Personal Narrative- Staying Young Forever :: Personal Narrative Essays

Personal Narrative- Staying Young Forever It all begins with the famous phrase, "What do you want to be when you grow up?" As children, we think the words "growing up" mean becoming like mom and dad. It means having a job, being able to cook dinner, and knowing how to pay bills. We are too young to understand the real concept behind those two dreadful words. If only someone had told me the truth, I could have prepared for the shock. I hate growing up, and getting older really stinks! The phases of growing up are like a date gone wrong. They start off real nice and eventually smack you in the face. I remember back in kindergarten when there used to be nap time. Oh how I took it for granted! I'm not even sure if I know what the word "sleep" means now. And if school couldn't get more difficult over the years, someone came along and decided we needed to learn languages other than English. As if my English wasn't bad enough, now I have to learn how to speak in gibberish. Growing up causes the "unthinkable" to happen. When I was little, I really should have taken advantage of pure skin, no wrinkles, and the phrase "eat your vegetables." Now, I have to use Clearasil, undereye cream, and drink Slim-Fast! What could possibly be good about becoming old, fat, ugly, and bald? I used to have energy, but now I have to drink caffeine to wake myself up. It used to be that when I went to get my hair cut, my stylist would say, "Look how shiny and thick your hair is." Now I hear, "Okay, what should we try today to give your hair some volume?" Not to mention that we women have the privilege of losing our figures, becoming less attractive, and receiving lumps of cellulite in our backside. That's when we must say, "Goodbye bikinis!" Growing up brings more responsibilities. It used to be that my mom would come in my room every morning and say, "Time to get up!" Now I wake up to the annoying sound of my alarm clock going "beep, beep," and my mom in the next room sawing logs. Just when I thought this was bad, it never occurred to me that at the age of twelve I would eventually have to get something called a "job".

Management Accounting Essay -- Business Budgeting Accountancy Accounta

Management Accounting Introduction Management control is to ensure that the organization achieves its objectives. Once the objectives have been agreed, action plans should be drawn up so that the progress can be directed towards the ends specified in the objectives. Such objectives are used to make comparison with alternatives in decision making & are also the critical elements in evaluating the success or failure of the action plans. One of the most widely used management control systems is the budgetary control & the term â€Å"Budget† itself is one of the objectives that is expressed quantitatively in financial value [1]. Undoubtedly budget is drawn up for control purposes & guiding the organization towards its objectives. The budgeting process is done quite arbitrary by estimating the expenses in the next year or adding a few percentages from last years’ budget. Any contingency & extraordinary dollar spent would be acquired from the miscellaneous item; as long as it is still a positive figure. The main control function of the budget follows the same old rule: no budget, no expenses. The scope of this paper is to explore better control & management in the organization’s financial resources deployed in training & development, especially in avoiding the ineffective use of resources, increasing accountability, streamlining & improving existing procedures, & managing & measuring performance in a systematic & data-oriented approach. Control & Performance Measurement System Referring to Broadbent & Cullen [2], management control is the process by which management ensures that the organization carries out its strategies, i.e. resources are obtained & used efficiently & effectively in the accomplishment of the company objectives. As pointed out by Brooks [3], the role of management accounting is to concern the performance of the organization & the way in which its activities are planned & controlled by its management. Further supported by Bromwich [4], the major functions of management accounting used by management are to plan, evaluate, & control within an organization & to assure use of & accountability for its resources. Although most literatures reviewed (Jeans & Morrow [5], Murphy & Braund [6], Clark & Baxter [7]) stated that the major use of management accounting control is on manufacturing process, the concept of performance measurem... ...ctivity-Based Costing†, Management Accounting, November 1989. 6. Murphy J.C. & Braund S.L., â€Å"Management Accounting & New Manufacturing Technology†, Management Accounting, February 1990. 7. Clark A. & Baxter A., â€Å"ABC + ABM = Action, Let’s Get Down to Business†, Management Accounting, June 1992. 8. Kennedy A., â€Å"Activity-Based Management & Short-Term Relevant Cost: Clash or Complement?†, Management Accounting, June 1995. 9. Robert G., â€Å"Fixed Costs & Sunk Costs in Decision-Making† Management Accounting, January 1992. 10. Broadbent M. & Cullen J., Managing Financial Resources, Second Edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1999, p.121. 11. Mills R. & Cave M., â€Å"Overhead Cost Allocation in Service Organizations†, Management Accounting, June 1990. 12. Claret J., â€Å"Budgeting with Flexibility†, Certified Accountant, November 1988, p.36. 13. Jones R.B., â€Å"Budgeting & Cost Management: A Route to Continuous Improvement†, Management Accounting, February 1992, p.36. 14. Newing R., â€Å"Out with the Old, In with the New†, Accountancy, July, 1994, p.49. 15. Hopwood A.G., â€Å"Accounting & Organization Change†, Journal of Accounting & Public Policy, Vol. 8, No. 3, Fall 1989.

Climate Chenge in Bangladesh

Term Paper on â€Å"Climate Change and Bangladesh† Submitted by 1. Quazi Nizam Uddin, ID-5176 2. Kazi Md. Golam Quddus, ID-5168 MBA(F) 4th Batch , Fall semister-2010 Submitted for Mohammad Jahangir Alam Asst Professor , Jahangir Nagar University & South East University Managerial Economics (ECO-5123) South East University Executive SummaryBangladesh is frequently cited as one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change because of its disadvantageous geographic location, flat and low-lying topography, high population density, high levels of poverty, reliance of many livelihoods on climate sensitive sectors- particularly agriculture and fisheries and inefficient institutional aspects.Many of the anticipated adverse affects of climate change, such as sea level rise, higher temperatures, enhanced monsoon precipitation, and an increase in cyclone intensity, will aggravate the existing stresses that already impede development in Bangladesh, particularly by reducing water and food security and damaging essential infrastructure. These impacts could be extremely detrimental to the economy, the environment, national development, and the people of Bangladesh.Bangladesh has developed some capacity for dealing with the impacts of climate change at the national level, and policy response options have been mobilized that deal with vulnerability reduction to environmental variability in general, and more recently, to climate change in particular. In addition, Bangladesh has for some time been recognized as a particularly vulnerable country by the international community, and has received disaster management and adaptation support in several sectors.Some reasons for climate changes are increase in CO2 levels, green house effect, industrialization, urbanization, burning fossils fuels, deforestation, population growth etc. Many of the projected impacts of climate change will reinforce the baseline environmental, socio-economic and demographic stresses already faced by Bangladesh. Climate change is likely to result in i. Increased flooding, both in terms of extent and frequency, associated with sea level rise, greater monsoon precipitation and increased glacial melt (ii).Increased vulnerability to cyclone and storm surges (iii. ) Increased moisture stress during dry periods leading to increased drought (iv. ) Increased salinity intrusion (v. )Greater temperature extremes All kinds of climate change impacts should be accounted for in both design criteria and location. Selected development programs on the need and possibilities to include climate change considerations in their approach and the possible contribution they could have to anticipatory adaptations.Sometime physical interventions are generally in-effective and costly, whilst requiring maintenance arrangements and coordination of separate initiatives. More promising anticipatory adaptations are changes in behavioral patterns, human practices and international actions. However, these type of adaptations meet serious institutional constraints and consequently should be carefully prepared and, if possible, integrated in existing structures and procedures. The main mechanisms to gradually overcome these constraints are coordination of climate change activities, (integrated) planning and information management.Capacity building including assisting the creation of a ‘climate change cell’ within the Department of Environment (DOE) to build government capacity for coordination and leadership on climate change issues needed. The cell can coordinates awareness raising, advocacy and mechanisms to promote climate change adaptation and risk reduction in development activities, as well as strengthening existing knowledge and information accessibility on impacts and adaptation to climate change. Introduction As a part of our MBA course program we have to submit a term paper.As our course teacher selected the topics â€Å"Climate Change and Bangladesh†. Accordi ngly we have to write on this topic. Climate change is a long-term change in the statistical distribution of weather patterns over periods of time that range from decades to millions of years. It may be a change in the average weather conditions or a change in the distribution of weather events with respect to an average, for example, greater or fewer extreme weather events. Climate change may be limited to a specific region, or may occur across the whole Earth.In recent usage, especially in the context of environmental policy, climate change usually refers to changes in modern climate. It may be qualified as anthropogenic climate change, more generally known as global warming or anthropogenic global warming Bangladesh is frequently cited as one of the most vulnerable countries to climate change because of its disadvantageous geographic location, flat and low-lying topography, high population density, high levels of poverty, reliance of many livelihoods on climate sensitive sectors- particularly agriculture and fisheries and inefficient institutional aspects.Many of the anticipated adverse affects of climate change, such as sea level rise, higher temperatures, enhanced monsoon precipitation, and an increase in cyclone intensity, will aggravate the existing stresses that already impede development in Bangladesh, particularly by reducing water and food security and damaging essential infrastructure.These impacts could be extremely detrimental to the economy, the environment, national development, and the people of Bangladesh. Bangladesh is one of the largest deltas in the world, formed by a dense network of the distributaries of the rivers Ganges, Brahmaputra, and the Meghna, and more than 230 major rivers and their tributaries and distributaries. The total land area is 147, 570 sq km and consists mostly of low, flat land. 0 per cent of the land is floodplain, and only in the extreme northwest do elevations exceed 30 meters above mean sea level, making the major ity of Bangladesh (with the exception of the highlands) prone to flooding at least part of the year, with the floodplains of the north western, central, south central and north eastern regions subject to regular flooding. Between 30-70 per cent of the country is normally flooded each year. The extent of flooding is exacerbated by the sediment loads brought by the three major Himalayan rivers, coupled with a negligible flow gradient, which increases congestion.Bangladesh has developed some capacity for dealing with the impacts of climate change at the national level, and policy response options have been mobilized that deal with vulnerability reduction to environmental variability in general, and more recently, to climate change in particular. In addition, Bangladesh has for some time been recognized as a particularly vulnerable country by the international community, and has received disaster management and adaptation support in several sectors. ReasonsThe increase in CO2 levels due to emissions from fossil fuel combustion, followed by aerosols (particulate matter in the atmosphere) and cement manufacture. Other factors, including land use, ozone depletion, animal agriculture and deforestation, are also of concern in the roles they play – both separately and in conjunction with other factors – in affecting climate, microclimate, and measures of climate variables. Greenhouse Effect The Earth is surrounded by a layer of gases that act to trap heat. These so-called ‘greenhouse gases’ are necessary to sustain life on Earth.Like the glass walls of a greenhouse, they let the sun’s rays enter but stop some of the heat from escaping, keeping the planet warm enough to allow life. However, as people cause more greenhouse gases to be released into the atmosphere, the greenhouse effect becomes stronger. More heat is trapped and the Earth's climate begins to change unnaturally. Greenhouse gases mainly consist of water vapours and carbon di oxide, sulpher dioxide and include other gases like methane and nitrous oxide. Industrialization From the 16th Century and onwards the European nations went to developed industries.With the inception industrialization, there is more emission, deforestation (for place, fuel and buildings) had occurred. Urbanization With the modern civilization, people went for urbanization in every country. People made houses, offices, factories, schools, hospitals, markets and roads etc by eliminating forests and woods. Burning fossil fuels When fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas are burned, they release greenhouse gases. In 2005, burning fossil fuels sent about 27 billion tones of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.People burn fossil fuels to create energy, which is used for many things including †¢ heating homes and buildings †¢ growing, transporting and cooking food †¢ traveling (for example, by car, plane, bus and train) †¢ treating water to make it drinkable, heating it and piping it into homes †¢ manufacturing, using and transporting products, from clothes to fridges, from plastic bags to batteries Deforestation Cutting down forests faster than they are replaced (deforestation) is a major contributor to climate change. It causes 5. 9 billion tones of CO2 per year to be released into the air.This accounts for 20 per cent of the world’s carbon emissions – more than the entire global transport sector produces. Deforestation makes such a huge contribution to carbon emissions because trees absorb CO2 as they grow. The more trees that are cut down, the fewer there will be left to absorb CO2, leading to  it building up in the atmosphere. In addition, the agriculture and industry that replace the forests often cause an extra problem by producing carbon emissions of their own. Population Growth As the world’s population grows, there  are more people who need food, livestock and energy.This increased demand leads to increased emis sions. ImpactsLoss on Environment Many of the projected impacts of climate change will reinforce the baseline environmental, socio-economic and demographic stresses already faced by Bangladesh. Climate change is likely to result in i. Increased flooding, both in terms of extent and frequency, associated with sea level rise, greater monsoon precipitation and increased glacial melt ii. Increased vulnerability to cyclone and storm surges iii. Increased moisture stress during dry periods leading to increased drought iv. Increased salinity intrusion v.Greater temperature extremes Increased flooding Sea level rise is also associated with increased riverine flooding, because it causes more backing up of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna rivers along the delta. This will result in increased drainage congestion due to higher water levels, which will be exacerbated by other factors associated with climate change such as siltation of estuary branches in line with increased surface runoff, and high er riverbed levels. Higher temperatures will result in increased glacier melt, increasing runoff from the neighboring Himalayas into the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers.Increased intensity of cyclone winds and precipitation The IPCC conclude that there is evidence of a 5-10 per cent increase in intensity (wind speed) that would contribute to enhanced storm surges and coastal flooding, and also project a 20 per cent increase in intensity of associated precipitation that would contribute to flooding. Cyclone winds are likely to increase in intensity because of the positive correlation with sea surface temperature. In November 2007, for example, the tropical cyclone Sidr, with a 100 mile long front covering the breadth of the country and with winds up to 240 km per hour, hit Bangladesh.This was noted to be an unusual occurrence given the intensity and timing of the storm, particularly given that it occurred in the same year as two recurrent floods. Increased moisture stress during dry pe riods Climate change will exacerbate drought in Bangladesh both in terms of intensity and frequency linked to higher mean temperatures and potentially reduced dry season precipitation. Monsoon rains produce 80% of Bangladesh’s annual precipitation, and when this is reduced, drought is a significant problem; between 1960 and 1991, a total of 19 droughts occurred inBangladesh. The Southwest and Northwest regions are particularly susceptible to drought. Greater precipitation extremes associated with climate change also mean less rainfall in the dry season, which will increase water stress on those areas that already experience water shortages, particularly in the winter months. This will be worse for those areas that depend on glacial melt water for their main dry-season water supply, as glaciers recede with rising temperatures. Increased salinityThe availability of freshwater will be reduced by increased salinity intrusion into fresh water sources during the low flow conditions . In the coastal regions this is brought about by sea level rise resulting in saline water intrusion in the estuaries and into the groundwater. The effects are exacerbated by greater evaporation and evapo-transpiration of freshwater as temperatures increase, coupled with a greater demand for fresh water in times of water stress. Greater temperature extremes Climate change is associated with hotter summers and colder winters.Temperatures in Bangladesh have increased about 1 °C in May and 0. 5  °C in November between 1985 and 1998, and further temperature increases are expected. However, although the overall climate is warming, temperature extremes are increasing, and winter temperatures as low as 5 °C have been recorded in January 2007, reportedly the lowest in 38 years. ImpactsLoss on Economy Agriculture and fisheries The economy of Bangladesh is based on agriculture, with two thirds of the population engaged in or indirectly relying on agricultural activities.Agriculture is o ne of the most sensitive sectors to climate change, particularly changes in temperature, rainfall patterns, and increased likelihood of extreme events such as droughts and floods. Although an increase in CO2 levels could under moderate temperature increases result in an increase in cropping yields, through carbon fertilization, modeling studies suggest that increasing frequency of crop loss due to extreme events, such as droughts and heavy precipitation, may overcome any benefits of moderate temperature increases.In Bangladesh, the overall impact of climate change on agricultural production will be negative. While inundation to a lesser degree has had a positive impact on production, with perennial floods bringing silt and nutrients increasing the fertility of the soils, prolonged floods have had a detrimental impact on crop yields; in two severe floods, 1974 and 1987, the shortfalls in production were about 0. 8 and 1. 0 Mt respectively. On average during the period 1962-1988, Bang ladesh lost about 0. million tones’ of rice annually as a result of floods, which accounts for nearly 30% of the country’s average annual food grain imports Other impacts of climate change such as temperature extremes, drought, and salinity intrusion, are also causing declining crop yields in Bangladesh. Several studies have been conducted in Bangladesh to assess the vulnerability of food grain production to various climate scenarios. One such study2 noted that a 4 °C increase in temperature would have a sever impact on food production in Bangladesh, resulting in a 28 per cent reduction for rice and a 68 per cent reduction for wheat.Temperature and rainfall changes have already affected crop production in many parts of Bangladesh, and the area of arable land has already decreased. The shortening of the winter season is resulting in a decline in production of winter crops, particularly potatoes. The salinity intrusion experienced by the coastal area of Bangladesh is h aving serious implications for the quality of the soil in areas that were traditionally used for growing rice. Under a moderate climate scenario the decline in yields due to salinity intrusion could be 0. 2 Mt, which increases to 0. 6 Mt under more severe scenarios. Increases in water stress have also affected the production of major crops, again particularly rice, which needs significant amounts of water. The fisheries sector may also be adversely affected by climate change. The fisheries sector contributes to about 3. 5 per cent of the GDP in Bangladesh, and people rely on fish products to make up the majority of daily protein dietary requirements. There are 260 species of fish in Bangladesh, all of which are sensitive to particular salt and freshwater conditions.The changes in tidal patterns, as well as increasing saline intrusion into the freshwater rivers, associated with climate change, will impact on fish populations, although the extent to which this occurs is still uncertai n. The implications of climate change for agriculture and fisheries are extremely significant, not only because of the livelihoods implications for the majority of the population who depend on agricultural outputs and systems, but also because of the threat to Bangladesh’s food security, where projections suggest that by the year 2030 food-grain requirements will be 41. 6 million tones.To become self sufficient in food grain production by 2030, an additional 14. 64 million tones will be required. Further, about 80 per cent of animal protein intake in Bangladeshi daily diets comes from fish. The population of Bangladesh almost doubled in less than thirty years from 1961, and now stands at over 143 million. According to projections the requirement of food grain in the country will be 42. 8 Mt by 2030. Increase vulnerability to crop production makes this near impossible and with fisheries also vulnerable to climate change, food security in Bangladesh is unlikely to be achieved.W ater resources and hydrology In Bangladesh, the effects of climate change on the surface and groundwater resources will be entirely negative. In terms of flooding, a report by the states that future changes in precipitation in Bangladesh have four distinct implications i. The timing of occurrence of floods may change, with implications for the seasonality of the hydrological cycle ii. Increase precipitation in the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna basins may increase the magnitude, depth and patial extent of floods iii. The timing of peaking in the major rivers may also change, which may in turn change the likelihood of synchronization of flood peaks of major rivers iv. Increased magnitude, depth, extent and duration of floods will bring a dramatic change in land use patterns in Bangladesh. Other changes include increases in evaporation rates, reduction in dry season transboundary flows resulting in an increase in irrigation water requirements, sea level rise that will exacerbate drain age congestion.Bangladesh also faces frequent flash floods, higher frequency of tropical cyclones, rise in storm surge depths, and slower accretion of coastal lands. Changes to water resources and hydrology will have a major impact on Bangladesh, where people depend on the surface water for fish cultivation, navigation, industrial and other uses, and where the ground water is used for domestic purposes and irrigation. The impacts on agriculture have already been noted. These problems will be further exacerbated by poor water management, both nationally and trans-boundary.For example, the effect of water diversion upstream on dry season flows and salinity levels on coastal mangroves in Bangladesh was found to be comparable, if not higher, than the impact that might be experienced several decades later as in line with climate change projections. Coastal areas Coastal areas in Bangladesh are on the ‘front line’ of climate change, directly affected by storm surges, drainage congestion, and sea level rise. Most of Bangladesh is less than ten meters above sea level, with almost ten per cent of the country below 1 meter, making it extremely vulnerable to increasing high tides.With sea levels expected to rise by an average of two to three mm per year during the first part of this century[21], the effects on the coastal areas will be severe, and include erosion, coastal land subsistence, siltation of river estuaries, reduced sedimentation, water logging, and saltwater intrusion. The coastal area of Bangladesh and the Bay of Bengal are located at the tip of the northern Indian Ocean, which is frequently hit by severe cyclonic storms, generating long tidal waves that are aggravated by the shallow bay [5].Although Bangladesh now has good early warning systems and cyclone shelters have been constructed along much of the coast, infrastructure and livelihoods are still threatened and severely affected, hampering further development of the coastal areas. 30 distr icts were damaged by clone Sidr for example, with the 11 districts closest to the coast damaged most severely. Coastal areas will also be affected by salinity intrusion. Saltwater from the Bay of Bengal already penetrates 100 kilometres inland during the dry season, and climate change is likely to exacerbate this.Pressure from an increasing population and rising demand for groundwater further reduces the availability of freshwater supplies for domestic and industrial purposes A quarter of the population lives in the coastal areas, with the majority of the population reliant on or affected by coastal activities. If sea levels rises up to one meter this century, Bangladesh could lose up to 15 per cent of its landmass and up to 30 million Bangladeshis could become climate refugees. In these areas, agriculture, industry, infrastructure, livelihoods, marine resources, forestry and biodiversity, human health, and utility services will all suffer.Such a scenario could lead to a decline in GDP of between 27 and 57 per cent. Forestry Biodiversity Ecosystems and biodiversity may be at greatest risk of all sectors sensitive to climate change. Bangladesh has a diverse range of forest ecosystems, including savannah, bamboo, freshwater swamp forests and mangroves. The Sundarbans of Bangladesh, a world heritage sight, is the single largest mangrove area in the world, comprising an area of 577,00 ha, and housing one of the richest natural gene pools. A total of 425 species have been identified there, the most notable of which is the Bengal tiger, which is endemic to the area.Climate change will have a detrimental impact on all of the forest ecosystems in Bangladesh, and the Sundarbans are likely to be the worst affected. Sea level rise may inundate parts of the Sundarbans and ecosystems are threatened by salinization of surface and groundwater. Higher water temperatures, loss of brackish-waters and reduced flows could harm fisheries. Human development has in many cases fragme nted or reduced habitat decreased species population and blocked the migration routes of species. The Sundarbans also offer subsistence to around 3. million inhabitants who live within and around the forest boundary. The inundation and intruding salinity are interrupting traditional practices in the Sundarbans. Although there are opportunities for shrimp farming in increased salinisation, shrimp farmers are encouraged to inundate their land with brackish water during times of low salinity, exacerbating damage to the forest cover. Depleting forests are putting further pressure on forest resources such as fuel wood and timber, enhancing the rate of forest depletion. Human Health Climate change affects health directly and indirectly.The most direct impacts of climate change on human health occur through extreme events, for example the floods in Bangladesh in 2004 caused 800 deaths, while the recent cyclone affected more than 8. 5 million people, causing more than 3,500 deaths. Climate change will also affect the distribution of climate sensitive diseases. Malaria is a frequently cited example, because its prevalence increases in line with the warmer, wetter climates that are anticipated with climate change. Incidences of malaria have increased dramatically in Bangladesh over the last 30 years, and it is now a major public health problem, with 14. million people in Bangladesh classified as high risk for catching the disease. Other diseases such as dysentery, diarrhea, dengue, hypertension associated with heat stress, asthma and skin diseases are also increasing in Bangladesh, particularly during the summer months. While a causative connection between climate change and these diseases is of course difficult to verify, the conditions associated with climate change (in terms of temperature, rainfall, and salinity) and the impacts on water supply, sanitation and food production, generate favorable environments for the incidence and spread of such diseases.For example, increased flooding as well as drought is resulting in a decline in the availability of clean water, for a country where water-borne diseases are already responsible for 24 per cent of all deaths. Urban areas The risk to human health in tropical developing countries is one of the salient risks of climate change. Drainage congestion and standing water will increase the potential for outbreaks of cholera and other waterborne and diarrheal diseases.The pressure on the availability and access to safe water, in particular during the dry period, and the increasing reliance on groundwater are an additional threat. Natural disasters threaten people and there belongings. Finally the pressure on agricultural production may result in malnutrition. Cyclone Sidr affected the infrastructure of more than half a million homes, with nearly one million all or particularly destroyed, and more than 10,000 schools all or partially destroyed.The key sectors affected by floods in Bangladesh’s citie s include infrastructure, industry, trade, commerce and utility services, all of which reduce in productivity during and after major flooding, increasing the vulnerability of the urban poor. And the adverse impacts of climate change on rural areas cause increased migration to urban areas in search of non-agricultural employment, putting greater pressure on scarce housing, water, sanitation, and energy services and increasing the number of vulnerable urban poor who are particularly at risk from climate related disasters.A greater part of this migrated population lives in slums and squatter settlements in the cities. Particularly vulnerable groups The urban poor are therefore especially vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, because of the fragility of the infrastructure of slums and squatter settlements, and the lack of employment security. In the rural areas, those with insecure land tenure, particularly the lower Adivasi castes, and women, are also particularly vulnerable. Wo men are the main users and carriers of water. As the availability and uality of water declines and resources become scarcer, women will suffer increasing work loads to collect un-salivated water to sustain their families. ResponsesProtection Measures National policy response options There is no comprehensive national policy in Bangladesh that specifically targets climate change risks. However, the Bangladesh government is aware of the importance of climate change, as well as the country’s historical sensitivity to climate variability in general, and there are several policy response options that exist that relate to climate change.These include indirectly addressing the impacts of climate change through programmes that reduce vulnerability through for example poverty alleviation, employment generation, crop diversification; directly addressing vulnerability to climate variability and extreme events through disaster risk reductions and management schemes; and specifically targ eting climate change by mainstreaming climate change into sectoral plans and national policies. A selection of policies that reduce vulnerability to climate variability, and also specifically climate change, will be discussed here.Vulnerability Reduction In Bangladesh ongoing projects address food insecurity and food production shortfalls by crop diversification and generation of alternative employment opportunities aimed at community development, agricultural development, credit facilities, and infrastructure improvement. Fish and shrimp production for domestic consumption and exports are promoted with special emphasis on rural poverty alleviation and employment generation. All such developmental programmes are important in enhancing the resilience of the poor. Disaster Management and Climate Risk ManagementBangladesh has a Participatory Disaster Management Programme (PDMP) with a focus on disaster management and prevention, and also adaptation to climate change. The focus is on â €˜soft’ measures to reduce the impacts of disasters, with an emphasis on preparedness, such as awareness raising of practical ways to reduce disaster risks and losses, to strengthen national capacity for disaster management; enhance knowledge and skills of personnel in handling disasters; establishing disaster action plans in the most disaster prone areas; promoting local-level risk reduction measures; and improving early warning systems.In 2003 Bangladesh also established a Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme (CDMP) with UNDP and other donor assistance, with the aim of refocusing the government towards greater emphasis on disaster preparedness and risk reduction. CDMP has a number of disaster management components, among them to establish an integrated approach to climate change and disaster management, expanding risk reduction approaches across a broader range of hazards, with specific reference to climate change. There are three main areas of focus i.Capacity bu ilding for the Ministry of Environment and the Department of Environment to coordinate and mainstream climate change into their existing activities; ii. Strengthening existing knowledge and information accessibility on impact prediction and adaptation; iii. Awareness raising, advocacy and coordination to promote climate change adaptation into development activities. Capacity building included assisting the creation of a ‘climate change cell’ within the Department of Environment (DOE) to build government capacity for coordination and leadership on climate change issues.The cell coordinates awareness raising, advocacy and mechanisms to promote climate change adaptation and risk reduction in development activities, as well as strengthening existing knowledge and information accessibility on impacts and adaptation to climate change. Mainstreaming climate change into development and national planning The Bangladesh government is integrating climate change into sectoral plans and national policies. The World Bank’s recommendations on the impacts of limate change have been incorporated into coastal zone management programs and adopted in the preparation of disaster preparedness plans and a new 25 year water sector plan. In agriculture, research programs have taken place in light of climate change information, particularly drought and saline tolerant rice varieties. Bangladesh’s interim poverty reduction strategy paper (I-PSRP) recognizes the direct link between poverty and vulnerability to natural hazards, and notes that the incidence of disasters is likely to increase rather than decrease as a result of global warming.According to the National Water Management Plan (NWMP) (in 2001), the factors determining future water supply, including the impacts of sea level rise, which guides the implementation of the National Water Policy (NWP). Further, many of the NWP and NWMP priorities are synergistic with climate change adaptation, such as the re commendation in the NWP for early warming and flood proofing systems. Other environmental policies, including the National Environmental Management Plan (NEMAP), the National Land Use Policy, and the National Forest Policy, do not make specific reference to climate change.Some initiatives usually taken and some are in underway for adaptation 1. Giving donations and raising after disaster. In Bangladesh, after any major disaster we went for relief activities, rehabilitation and medical care with local and foreign donations. Government and NGOs are involved in extensive activities after the disaster. Bangladesh has already earned a reputation for disaster management especially after the management of cyclone Sidr in 2007. 2. Raising homes in the flood prone areas. In the flood and cyclone hit areas people are building houses with higher heights. 3.Building protecting walls and dams is important to save houses and croplands from floods and inundation. These are needed to avert erosion. 4. Need faster maturing crops (seeds). In this regards, we got some achievements. Now in our country, we can grow three crops in a year in the high agricultural lands. Research is underway in this regard by BRRI, IRRI and other private organizations and NGOs. 5. Need drought tolerant crops (seeds). Research is underway in this regard by BRRI, IRRI and other private organizations and NGOs. In some African nations, some successful plantation f drought tolerant crops (seeds) encourages us to grow in the north-western regions of Bangladesh. 6. We need saline tolerant crops (seeds) as the salinity in the southern region is increasing and it is swarming deeper inside. An Extensive research is underway in this regard by IRRI and other private organizations and NGOs for the southern region of Bangladesh. 7. Met office information should be communicated with all even farmers. Met office always tries to communicate the information through radio and television and also through print media.But it should be more intensive. In this regard, Mobile communication can be used for disseminating information to the farmers. 8. Using rainwater in gardens and household use. It is not that popular in our country though government is trying to promote it. 9. Seed and food storage is needed for the food and seed security. Government is increasing its capacity to store food. Government is also trying to build capacity of the seed bank in Jessore. People also should play their role in this respect. 10. Flood and cyclone shelters.Governments with its own fund and donors’ funds have built many shelters. Many more shelters will be built in future. 11. Raised wells and ponds in the flood and cyclone hit areas. 12. Raising latrines in every house because low level toilet facilities would contaminate water when flood strikes. People are coming forward for making safe and raised latrines. 13. Reforestation is important because trees are lifesavers. They help to regulate rainfalls, mitig ate extremes of floods and droughts and also landslides.In Bangladesh government department, NGOs and common people are planting trees. There is a campaign for tree plantation from all. 14. In some areas floating vegetable gardens are built on water bodies. Farmers can grow vegetables even during flood. It will be popular in future in many more areas. Conclusions and recommendations Climate change is not only an â€Å"environmental† concern but really a â€Å"development† concern for Bangladesh. This means that climate change as an issue must take center stage as a major developmental problem.Bangladesh is particularly vulnerable to climate change in its coastal zone, covering about 30 per cent of the country. Here prospects of industrial development, based on its rich energy resources, will seriously be constrained by the increased occurrence of coastal storms, flooding and reduced fresh water availability. The study also analyzes impacts on water resources, agricultu re, ecosystems and human health, concluding that in all these sectors, the country’s drive to development might be seriously restrained if no anticipatory actions are taken.Ecosystems and biodiversity, as a key sector for sustainable development, merits particular attention and of all sectors vulnerable to climate change this may be the most vulnerable. This not only refers to a few itemized ecosystems or endangered species. This will result a loss of productivity as well, seriously challenging the country’s prospect for sustainable development. Cyclone shelters and improved warning systems are confirmed as effective tools against the increased risks of disasters. Bangladesh has already a good record in this respect, which merits to be strengthened where possible.For water resources should aim to substantially reduce the risk of drainage congestion, erosion and drought, explicitly addressing the management of water resources both in the wet and in the dry season for do mestic, industrial, irrigation, navigation, and ecosystem use. Reducing water demand may be needed and this requires an integrated approach to water resources planning and management that will also coordinate design, operation and maintenance of major infrastructure and embankments. In agriculture should aim at changing agricultural practices to improving water efficiency and crop diversification in the whole country.The development and introduction of new varieties and corresponding dissemination measures are important and need to be facilitated by (inter)national research. Government and private sector should invest more money and resources in Research activities. Experience with new crops and agricultural practices have to be shared on the farm level. The impact of climate change on human health depends critically on the success to adapt to climate change in the other sectors. Of course, human health would be less vulnerable with an improved health care system, reliable drinking water supply and improved sanitation.All kinds of climate change impacts should be accounted for in both design criteria and location. Selected development programs on the need and possibilities to include climate change considerations in their approach and the possible contribution they could have to anticipatory adaptations. Sometime physical interventions are generally in-effective and costly, whilst requiring maintenance arrangements and coordination of separate initiatives. More promising anticipatory adaptations are changes in behavioral patterns, human practices and international actions.However, these type of adaptations meet serious institutional constraints and consequently should be carefully prepared and, if possible, integrated in existing structures and procedures. The main mechanisms to gradually overcome these constraints are coordination of climate change activities, (integrated) planning and information management. It is highly recommended that next steps to reduce Bangladesh’ vulnerability to impacts of climate change and sea level rise, concentrate on the adaptation mechanisms of planning, information management and international actions.Here, the National Water Management Plan (NWMP) that is currently being developed and the Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan (ICZMP) under design offer key opportunities. The following specific actions are recommended 1. Establish an operational structure to coordinate climate change activities in Bangladesh. The following steps could be considered. 2. Revive the Climate Change Committee and review their Terms of Reference. 3. Involve the CCC in the design of planning procedures and guidelines; the research agenda and activities; the awareness building program; and the preparation and support of Bangladesh' international actions. . Establish an operational technical secretariat, to support the CCC. 5. Link the CCC activities to or establish communication with the national councils on water resou rces and environment. 6. Strengthen the existing structure and ongoing processes to develop and implement integrated water resources management. Participation on different levels and strengthening of local management organizations are essential parts of integrated planning. 7. Strengthen integrated coastal zone management, focusing on protection, land use and water management. 8.Prepare practical guidelines to include climate change issues in procedures for planning and design, and explore the possibility and feasibility of Climate Change Impact Assessments. 9. Establish, manage and execute a coordinated research agenda on climate change impacts. 10. Develop and operate a shared climate change knowledge base 11. Develop a plan of action for awareness building, optimally using the platforms and avenues created by the BEMP and SEMP projects, explicitly involving the Ministry of Information, the FEJP, CBOs and NGOs. 12. Promote, structure and support international activities.Two types of international activities have been identified (i) international debates on effects, mitigation and adaptation, and (ii) water sharing negotiations with neighboring countries. Bibliography 1. The European Parliament's temporary committee note on climate change February 2008 (Ref. to contract IPACLIMIC2007-106) 2. DOE (Department of Environment, M. o. E. a. F. , Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh),, Addressing Climate Change in Bangladesh National Efforts†. 2006, 3. Huq, S. , Climate Change and Bangladesh. Science, 2001(294) p. 1617. 4. Rahman, A. nd M. Alam, Mainstreaming Adaptation to Climate Change in Least Developed Countries (LDCs) Bangladesh Country Case Study. IIED Working Paper, 2003(2). 5. UNDP (United National Development Programme), Country-in-focus Bangladesh. UNDP RCC web bulletin, 2007(2). 6. Huq, S. and J. M. Ayers, Critical list the 100 nations most vulnerable to climate change, in IIED Sustainable Development Opinion. 2007, International Institu te of Environment and Development London. 7. WB, An investment framework for clean energy and development a progress report in DC2006-0012. 006, World Bank Washington DC. 8. Climate Change Cell, Who is doing What in Bangladesh Report on the First Meeting. 2006, Comprehensive Disaster Management Programme, Government of Bangladesh 9. Agrawala S, et al. , Development and Climate Change in Bangladesh Focus on Coastal Flooding and the Sundarbans 2003, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 10. IPCC, Summary for Policymakers, in Climate Change 2007 Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, M.L. Parry, et al. , Editors. 2007, Cambridge University Press Cambridge. p. 1000 26. Bangladesh Department of Environment, D. Ongoing Projects. [cited 2008 11. 01. 2008]; Available from httpwww. doe-bd. orgprojects. html. 12. Agrawala, S. , et al. , Development and Cl imate Change in Bangladesh Focus on Coastal Flooding and the Sundarbans. 2003, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). 13. UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change). [cited 22012008]; Available from httpunfccc. intparties_and_observersitems2704. php.